Appendix 3

Course at a glance

Chapter 1 – Introduction – Course Objectives

• Understanding of the processing sequence

• Understanding of why each process in the sequence is applied.

• Understanding of how each step is performed with ProMAX. Explanation of significant parameters in each process.

• Understanding of the quality control products that should be produced if you process or QC your own projects.

Chapter 2 – Software Overview - Objectives

• Use ProMAX GUI (Top : Area / Line / Flows / products / database / datasets / tables ) (Bottom: UI Configuration / UI Options / Queues / Exit / Notification )

• Copy Projects, Lines, Flows or Data files

• Understand how to add processes to processing flow and how to manipulate data in ProMAX with data I/O examples.

• Read multiple data sets with “Disk Data Insert”.

• Use of “Supergather Formation”, “Ensemble Redefine”, “Reproduce Traces”, “IF-ELSEIF”, “SPLIT”, “Ensemble Stack/Combine”, “Ensemble Split/Reorder”, “Trace Header Math” , “Inline Sort” and “Parameter Test”.

• View properties of the data files

• View processing history

• View Job Log

• Job flow file

• Examine some processing flows

• Understand how to use some of the graphics, analysis and utility programs

• How to use various help files in ProMAX

• List of online guides.

• Use of Tables

• Use of Spreadsheets

• Use of database tools

Chapter 3 – Land Processing Flow - Objectives

• Understand the steps in land data processing

• Understand objectives for each step

• Understand QC products that are used to meet the objectives

Chapter 4 – Tape Input - Objectives

• Perform a tape dump and obtain important information about format of data on tape for de-multiplexing or reformatting the data

• Copy data from tape or disk to tape or disk.

• Learn difference between multiplexed and trace sequential (de-multiplexed) formats.

• De-multiplex the data from multiplexed formats (SEGA, SEGB, SEGC or SEGD) to ProMAX format.

• Reformat trace sequential data from SEG-Y or SEGD to ProMAX format

• Use of Cross-wire file to remap headers from SEGY to ProMAX. (See APPENDIX 2). Also read the help file associated with SEGY-Input and SEGY-Output.

• Learn some functionality of “Trace Display”

Chapter 5 – Geometry Definition, Application and QC - Objectives

• List of geometry related programs

• Build 3D Land Geometry Spreadsheet

• Put 3D land geometry information in the trace headers with ‘Inline Geom Header Load’

• Shot, Receiver, CMP – Number, fold and interval

• Use FARR plot to QC surface consistency of spread patterns (Graphical Geometry QC)

• Build processing flow for FARR plot.

• Run ‘Receiver spread checking’ - based on first break picks

• Plot shots with predicted first breaks to make sure geometry information has been applied correctly.

• Or Use Trace display with graph of FBPICK vs AOFFSET headers in color (FBPICK and AOFFSET scales are automatically tied to each other)

• Source Receiver Geom Check - a fast check.

• Use database tools for geometry QC (incl use of first break times vs absolute offset)

• Use shot and receiver quadrant stacks (Shot and receiver stacks of LMO corrected first breaks over limited azimuth and offset) for geometry QC -3D

• Use NMO corrected shot gathers –Plains

Chapter 6 – Data Editing - Objectives

• Flag bad traces for deletion

• Flag Reverse trace polarity

• Pick mutes (top, bottom and segment)

• Use Automatic data editing

• At what stage should a segment mute be applied?

Chapter 7 – Parameter Testing and Preprocessing - Objectives

• What are true amplitude recovery, noise reduction, surface consistency, surface consistent scaling, surface consistent deconvolution, datum correction and why are they applied?

• Parameter testing in ProMAX (true amplitude recovery, noise reduction, surface consistent scaling, surface consistent deconvolution, filter tests etc)

• True amplitude recovery

• Surface Consistent Scaling

• Noise reduction (may be applied at last step before stack)

• Compute difference between input to and output from noise reduction to QC results of noise reduction.

• Pick a deconvolution design gate

• Minimum phase conversion (option for Vibroseis data)

• Auto-correlations

• Surface consistent predictive, spiking or zero phase deconvolution

• Structural vs residual statics, surface consistent vs non-surface consistent statics

• Elevation Statics - floating datum vs flat datum

Chapter 8 – Velocity Analysis and Initial Stack - Objectives

• Reason for velocity analysis

• create data for semblance velocity analysis

• interpret semblance velocity data

• May create constant-velocity stacks

• May create function-velocity stacks

• QC velocities

• Generate common offset stacks

• View and edit velocity fields

• Change velocities from floating datum to flat datum

• Convert velocities from RMS to interval.

• Convert velocities from time to depth

• Datum for velocity analysis

• Nature of velocity – stacking velocity

• Affect of dip on velocities

• QC for velocity analysis

• Velocity profiles

• Over NMO correction and under NMO correction

• Velocity Conflicts

Chapter 9 – Refraction Statics - Objectives

• The reason for refraction statics correction

• Surface Consistency

• First-Break Picking

• Interactive 3D Refraction statics using 3D Ref Statics Model, 3D Ref Statics Inversion and 3D Ref Statics Computation

• Select number of layers

• Select offset range

• Velocity estimation and smoothing

• Thickness of layers

• Calculation and QC of statics

• Batch Refraction Statics Calculation

• May create Residual First Break Statics

• Refraction Statics QC

• Refraction Statics Editing

• Use of database to QC attributes

• Display LMO corrected first breaks with refraction statics

• Use of shot and receiver stacks to QC statics

• Create stack with Refraction Statics and compare with Initial Stack

Chapter 10 – Velocity Analysis after Refraction Statics and QC Stk - Objectives

• Compute velocities with refraction statics

• Generate a stack with new velocities

• Compare the refractions statics stack with old and new velocities

Chapter 11 – Residual Statics and Multiple Suppression - Objectives

• Reasons for residual statics.

• List of Automatic Residual Statics and Related Programs

• Prepare data for residual statics analysis

• Creation of model

• Perform residual statics calculation

• Apply residual statics corrections to the project dataset

• Use of database attributes to QC statics

• Use of shot and receiver stacks

• Surface consistent nature of statics

• High frequency nature of residual statics i.e. no time shift or change in structure

• Identification of static bust

• Projection of static bust from CMP domain to SIN and SRF domain databases in order to fix the bust

• Multiple suppression Techniques

Chapter 12 – DMO – Objectives

• Why DMO correction is applied.

• Preparation of data – offset bins

• Apply DMO correction to the dataset

• Create a DMO QC stack

• Velocity Analysis after DMO

• Create a final DMO stack to be migrated

• Datum for DMO

• DMO operators – shallow to deep

• DMO operators – Offset dependence

• Affect on velocities

• Equivalence of non-zero offset panels to zero offset panels

• Pre-DMO and DMO travel times for a point diffractor.

• Conversion of Cheop’s Pyramid to Hyperboloid

• Input to Moves style PSTM

• Would you run DMO if surface is dipping but reflector is flat?

• Diffraction tails on DMO stack

Chapter 13 – Migration - Objectives

• Generate a velocity field for migration

• Perform FK, PS, FD and Kirchhoff migrations

• Select aperture

• Select Dip

• Compare migrations and the final DMO stack

• Dipping Reflectors

• Anticlines

• Synclines

• Diffractor

• Affect of changing the velocity

• Over-migration and under-migration

• Migration operators – shallow to deep

Chapter 14 – Prestack Time Migration - Objectives

• What is Prestack Time Migration?

• Generate a velocity field for migration

• Preparation of data – offset bins

• Apply Prestack Kirchhoff Time migration Aperture/Dip

• Create KPSTM QC stack

• Velocity Analysis after KPSTM

• Create a final KPSTM stack

• Compare PSTM to migrated DMO stack

• Moves style PSTM

• Datum for PSTM

• PSTM operators – shallow to deep

• PSTM operators – Offset dependence

• Affect on velocities

• Travel Times for a point diffractor before and after PSTM

• Conversion of Cheop’s Pyramid to a point

• Elimination of velocity conflicts

• Affect of changing the velocity

Under/Over NMO Correction

Over/Under migration

Velocity Sensitivity

• Dipping Reflectors

• Anticlines

• Synclines

• Diffractor

Chapter 15 – Wavelets, Filters, Scaling, Post-stack testing and Proc -Objectives

• Filtering – Filter panels, FK plot

• Scaling – Time-Variant Scaling or Trace Envelope Scaling

• S/N measurements – Interactive Spectral Analysis

• Noise Reduction – KLT, Eigen Vector, FK, FXY Decon, 3D Mix

• Character Match –Derive Match Filter, Phase Rotation, Wavelet Generation, Wavelet Extraction, Filter Generation, Filter Application, Src Sig Dcn / Instrument Dephase, Designature, User-Defined Filter, Spectral Shping

• Trace Math Transforms

• Sequence Attribute Analysis

Chapter 16 – AVO Processing - Objectives

• Generate Interval Velocity in Time

• Create Angle Limited Gathers with “AVO Analysis Gathers”

• Produce “AVO attribute Stacks” (I,G)

• Produce “AVO weighted Stacks” (Rp, Rs)

• Produce AVO Interactive Crossplot

• AVO Volume Reconnaissance

• AVO Ensemble Timeslice

• AVO Attribute Computations

Chapter 17 – Plotting - Objectives

• Preparing the display

• Plotting the display